Christmas Films

As a rule I avoid Christmas films, that is films with a Christmas theme. You look forward to a week of wall-to-wall movies on TV and you get all this treacly, sentimental, optimistic, life-affirming, lets-all-love-each-other mush. Family films! But let me not be Scrooge-like. Here's a few that can seduce even me into a tearful desire to embrace humanity, plus one or two antidotes to philanthropy.

Mind you, I'm a sucker for the usual Christmas perennials, like The Great Escape and The Wizard of Oz, and I have my own personal treats, like my Laurel and Hardy compilation or their Way Out West. Or an old Bogart or Cagney. Doesn't The Roaring Twenties end at Chrstmastime? Back to the theme:

Three Godfathers is a greatly under-rated film. It has all the hallmarks of a John ford film - John Wayne, eccentric supports, comedy, amazing location photography, beautifully composed. What some would call sentimentality I call real emotion. In any case, it's Christmas! And why shouldn't there be a allegorically religious Western? This tale of redemption carries its message lightly and is rooted in deep humanity. The more I see it, the more it rises in my estimation.

Gremlins. Bedford Falls is invaded by malevolent cuddly dolls. Great fun, shot through with a dark, nasty streak, and full of little jokes for film buffs. Worth seeing, if only for the cinema full of entranced gremlins watching Snow White and the Seven Dwarf's. I like the one who puts a crisp packet over each ear. As the man said, 'We all dream of being a child again, even the worst of us. Maybe the worst of us most of all.'

A Christmas Carol, the one with Alastair Sim, the only one. Alastair was an actor with a face that could be jovial or unpleasant, with a delivery that could be very - I'm looking for a word here that means humorous with an edge - sardonic, that's it. He's the perfect Scrooge.

Holiday Inn. What more could you want? Bing and Fred. Irving Berlin songs. Bugger the plot.

Meet Me in St Louis. I don't like Judy Garland much. She wasn't pretty and I hated her self-indulgent, self-pitying, prima donna final years, but in her youth she had a certain charm when she sang. Somewhere Over the Rainbow always moves me, as does Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas in this film. Not only that, but it's a perfectly realised piece of turn-of-the-century Americana . . .(yawn).

There are a lot of Christmas films I need to see. I'm told Miracle on 34th Street (1947) is pretty good. The Bishop's Wife, with Cary Grant, is another.

If you need a corrective, how about Die Hard? I don't care what anyone says, I love it. Old Bruce undercuts all the impossible heroics with his little quips and Alan Rickman is the kind of villain that villains should be. British, for a start. All he lacks is a moustache to twirl.

But the greatest anti-Christmas film of all is It's a Wonderful Life. Oh yes it is. It is one of the best films ever made. Direction, acting, photography, editing are all impeccable. This is a dark story, a scream of despair, that ends in suicide. For George Bailey really does kill himself. All that stuff with the angel is a dream, that flashes through his brain as he drowns. There is no angel, only a good man who is ground down not only by the stupidity and the corruption and the small-mindedness of others but also by the crushing of his own dreams. Only the miracle of an angel can remedy this situation, and, as we know, there is no such thing.

I see there was an IMDb poll on this subject.

A conversation

- Hi, Dad. Wanna drink?
- I'm fine, thanks. Sorry, I forgot to bring your DVD back.
- Get Carter? What did you think? I assume you listened to the commentary.
- Yeah, watched it twice , once with, once without. I got a bit irritated by that cameraman. He seemed to do nothing but moan and go on about all the problems. I hadn't realised that Hendry and Caine didn't get on.
- Mm, Hendry was a drunk. I read he wanted the lead for himself and resented Caine getting it. By the way, did you know that hitman was on the train at the beginning?
- No, I'd never noticed that before someone said it on the commentary. It's a good film, though. A bit like a Jacobean tragedy, everyone dead at the end, no real good guys. Where were the police while all this was going on? I suppose that's the point. A self-contained world for scrotes and arseholes. Did you ever see Stallone's version?

- Crap.

- Exactly. You know, when I watched it I thought, 'Forget Michael Caine. Just watch it as if it were a new film and treat it on its merits.' It hadn't got any. I did the same thing with The Jackal. Same thing. They just can't seem to realise that you've got to tell a story simply and not substitute flash for style. Unless you're Orson Welles, of course. By the way, I saw Red Dragon the other day.

- What, you mean Manhunter?

- No, the new one. Antony Hopkins. A bit odd, seeing him older and fatter when it's supposed to be set years earlier. I can't remember Manhunter very well, but it seemed to have more impact, more style. Mind you, this one had a twist in the tail which took me by surprise. I'd almost turned it off before I realised it wasn't finished. I think Ralph Fiennes was a disappointment, compared with the bloke who played the killer in the other one. He was really weird. They tried for a bit more realism, I think, more motivation.

- I saw Tombstone again the other night. Didn't get to bed till after one. Val Kilmer's great, isn't he?

- 'I'm your huckleberry.'

- It's full of quotes. Ringo's good. Love that bit at the end when he suddenly sees he's got Doc to fight, not Wyatt.

- 'Why, Johnny, looks like someone just walked over your grave. You're no daisy at all.'

- Is it in your top ten Westerns? We all know what number one is.

- The Wild Bunch? It might be The Searchers, you know. Then there's Red River, Yellow Ribbon.

- High Noon, Shane?

- I'm dubious about them. Too self-consciously classic. There's My Darling Clementine.

- I remember that. You sat me down to watch it once. I wanted to go out and play football, but you said, 'No, you've got to watch this.' By the way, wasn't Billy Bob Thornton in Tombstone? Wasn't he that gambler Wyatt beats up at the beginning?

- No, that wasn't Billy Bob. Definitely. I've got a feeling he was in it though. Or was it Wyatt Earp? Have you seen The Alamo yet? Not John Wayne's, the new one. Billy Bob's brilliant as Davy Crockett. I know it got a lot of bad press, but I thought it was pretty good. And what about Oh, Brother Where art Thou? Thoroughly recommended. What are you watching tonight.

- Speed.

- Me too.

- See you. Merry Christmas. When are you going to watch It's a Wonderful Life?

- When there's nobody else at home. You know that I always cry.

The films you're supposed to like

In his article on Howard Hawks in his Biographical Dictionary of the Cinema, David Thomson imagines himself on a sinking ship with the opportunity to save from oblivion the ten best films of all time. He muses on how most critics would react - one Welles, one Hitchcock, one Mizoguchi, one Renoir, etc. He claims that he would choose ten Hawks films, but he does have a few funny ideas. He's not keen on Ford and Capra for a start.

It's a game we all play, choosing the ten best, and can be a lot of fun. Taken seriously, the choice will avoid most of the selection criteria I am returning to here from time to time, and has many other factors to consider - script, acting, direction, camerawork, insight, overall artistry, etc.

But there several films which recur frequently on these 'official' lists and these are the films which we might feel we 'ought' to like. I've been having a look at how 'official', intellectual opinion has changed in Sight and Sound's ten-yearly best films poll of critics (and now film-makers). This is found at http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten

As a matter of interest, David Thomson contributed to this poll and, being serious, limited himself to one Hawks, His Girl Friday.

I'll concentrate on critics for the moment, although I've got my reservations about them. For example, critics (at least according to my prejudice) are too concerned with the script and the themes of a film rather than the the craft and the visual. The also have a tendency to be arty and pretentious. And rather too inclined to look for innovation or, conversely, trends and patterns. However.

The link leads to several articles on the polls, but these are my immediate thoughts:

The most consistent appearances in the top ten are Potemkin and La Regle du Jeu, featured every 10 years since 1952.

The most successful is Kane.

There are still two silent films there: Potemkin and Sunrise (Murnau). Greed and Intolerance have slipped.

The most recent is Godfather I and II (cheating her because they've added the votes for the two films together). Otherwise, the most recent would probably be 2001. I suppose it is understandable that we need time to allow the 'greatest' films to emerge from the stew of passing enthusiasm, not to mention rediscovery (this applies to Vertigo, Sunrise and Kane itself).

Surprises: Singin' in the Rain and the Searchers. I suppose I consider myself so resolutely middle-brow that I don't expect to find these serious-minded men and women choosing, a musical and a Western, two of my favourites.

Incidentally there are three Westerns in the top sixty or so, the other two being The Man who Shot Liberty Valance and Rio Bravo. Where the hell is The Wild Bunch? Moreover I can't find any other films by Ford or Hawks in the full list, which is strange. What about The Grapes of Wrath or To Have and Have Not?

Those that have fallen out of favour over the years include Chaplin, who was represented by both City Lights and The Gold Rush in 1952. Also, thank God, there are fewer arty films of the Antonioni, Bergman, Godard variety, but they are still bubbling under.

Japanese cinema is well-represented. Ozu's Tokyo Story is in the top ten and the old favourite Kurosawa is still high with Seven Samurai and Rashomon. Mizoguchi's Ugetsu is still highly regarded.

Time for some nominations (a few from each of these categories and my choice in bold):

Citizen Kane. It's like the Bible and Shakespeare on your desert island. It's the sine qua non of cinema.

Silent cinema: The General, Potemkin, Sunrise. I'd like to add Gance's Napoleon.

Asian: I'll have to stick with Kurosawa, because I haven't seen anything else. Seven Samurai. Perhaps Ray should be here too (not Nick, the other one).

European: obviously La Regle du Jeu. I notice, by the way, that Renoir's other masterpiece, La Grande Illusion is now down at 35. I'd better mention Fellini's 8 1/2, although I haven't seen it, not do I intend to. What kind of director puts his own name in the title of his film? There are a few French films I want to see, which appear on these polls, such as Le Jour se Leve and La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc. Le Salaire de la Peur

Art-house (same as above really): take your pick from any already mentioned, plus Bunuel. As a matter of fact I can't find Bunuel on the latest list. Perhaps people have finally twigged that all that time he was taking the piss. I'll pass on this.

Hollywood (classic): The Searchers, Some Like It Hot, Vertigo, 2001, Singin' in the Rain, My Darling Clementine, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, It's a Wonderful Life.

British: Lawrence of Arabia, The Third Man, and there ought to be a Powell and Pressburger film here. A Matter of Life and Death, possibly, or Black Narcissus.

Recent films: There aren't any in the poll. What, from the last 10 years will make it into the Hall of Fame? A Scorsese or Spielberg? Their best work is already more than 10 years old. Is Clint Eastwood's Letter from Iwo Jima going to put the seal on his incredible career?

My personal top ten of all-time greats:

Citizen Kane, plus

Potemkin

The Wild Bunch

The Searchers

Twelve o'clock High

The Scarlet Empress

Way Out West (Laurel & Hardy)

The General

Schindlers List

The Bride of Frankenstein

It's a Wonderful Life

Peter Boyle

Peter Boyle has died.

I suppose most people remember his turn as the monster in Young Frankenstein, especially his song-and-dance routine with Puttin' on the Ritz. OK, that was good fun, but for real class acting you have to go back to The Friends of Eddie Coyle, where he played a shady character called Dillon.

Friends, directed by Peter Yates, is based on the novel by former Boston DA, George V Higgins, and incidentally provides Bob Mitchum with one of his finest roles. It's a fine, but forgotten film. I'm not sure it's even available on DVD.

Higgin's novels are unusual in that they are composed almost entirely of dialogue, rather like those of Ivy Compton-Burnett. It's no mean trick to advance the plot of a thriller purely with conversations but Higgins pulls it off in highly readable fashion. The film is also heavy on dialogue and remains thoughtful and downbeat throughout. Nonetheless it is absorbing and for my money one of the best gangster films ever made.

The 'friends' of the title is highly ironic, for no-one is to be trusted, least of all the cops, who conduct a favour-for-favour relationship with the various hoods involved.

Boyle's Dillon is a bartender, with fingers in many criminal pies. One of his 'friends' is Mitchum's small-timer, Eddie, trying to avoid prison and tempted to shop one of his other 'friends' in exchange for leniency. Dillon also is receiving his $50 a week from the cops. He is greasy, slippery, humourless and menacing, with his great bulk and slow, padding walk. He is also totally without scruple, and by the end of the film we find he is probably the most evil of all the dodgy characters involved.

It's a memorable performance, but Boyle's potential as a heavy - he was never going to be a romantic lead -was never realised. A lot of TV work came to him as the years passed and he seems to have retired into the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond.

Getting sorted

Today I get my desk organised, sort all those bits of paper with notes on them, bring my database of videos and DVDs up to date, renew my library books, send out my Christmas cards and buy my Christmas presents.

I need to review this blog too, because I have got various series on the go and am getting a bit confused.

I've got the adaptation series. Story to screen. I've done why adapt and what is adapted. Next, I plan to do the refining process between the first treatment through the screenplay to the shooting script. After that I shall look at the changes that can occur during filming. And finally, the post -production alterations that might be deemed necessary.

Then I have my list of criteria for lists. Put like that it sounds a bit daft, which it no doubt is. Anyway, coming up are canonical, prejudice, snobbery, familiarity, sentimentality, the herd-like mentality, cultishness, genre, star, iconoclasm, politics, innovation. It's going to keep me busy all year.

I also want to do more reviews. I plan to post comments on IMdb - http://www.imdb.com/

and link them here. I want to do The Wild Bunch, the Searchers, High Noon, and The Getaway. If they all seem too obvious, I also have in mind Hell Drivers, Ride Lonesome, Three Godfathers and Written on the Wind. I have already sumbitted my thoughts on Stan (the TV play) and Twelve o'clock High.

I suppose I should write about films I don't like. Perhaps life is too short. On the other hand something needs to be said against over-praised works like The Graduate, Rio Bravo, Klute, The Italian Job, Ben-Hur, Titanic, Gladiator, If, The Wicker Man, Easy Rider and Star Wars in its entirety. Now there's a good series.

John Walsh did it, why not me?

I might one day. That is, write an autobiography of my formative years through the films I saw.

He called his Are you talking to me? I shall call mine I wouldn't have it any other way, or maybe It ain't like it used to be (but it'll do). Here's a few notes.

Early childhood

Well, this is back to ole Davy, Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier.

This Disney film was probably the first Western I ever saw. Except, it wasn't a Western. I'm a bit purist about what I call a Western, and this film is ante-bellum, and therefore too early. Civil War films aren't Westerns either, nor are modern-day films like Hud. I reccognise, of course, that Hud draws on the genre and could have been placed a 100 years earlier in time. I don't really approve of comedy Westerns either, and certainly not musicals.

So why do I break my own rule and call it a Western? Simply because it has a hero who has the Westerner's morality. By 'morality' I mean an outlook on life and way of behaving. Crockett, like Shane or Ethan Edwards, is a loner, an individualist, more concerned with doing what he thinks is right than in conforming. Thus, he has a family, and while he does not neglect them, he's rarely there; he loses them anyway. He joins the army, but for his own reasons, and as a scout or hunter, which makes him semi-detached from the organisation. He respects his enemies, the Creeks, and is not racist. As a politician, he is a maverick and behaves quixotically in rebelling against the President, thereby sacrificing his career.

He was always dissatisfied, constantly on the moving, constantly moving towards an unreachable frontier, physically and intellectually.

I do not know what the real Crockett was like, but no matter. The screen character was a role model, and so were the classic Western heroes who followed, flaws and all. I am not saying that I consciously tried to imitate them in some childish, playful way, but that their take on life gradually seeped into my sub-conscious. And I expect there was always something in my character that responded to their dislike of joining, their questioning, their self-reliance.

There is obviously a strong streak of selfishness in this. It is libertarian, but not always liberal. It can be male chauvinist, if not outright misogynist. It is obviously anti-socialist, but sometimes it can be anti-social also.

But films in the fifties were moral. Heroes did 'the right thing', without needing the law or God to tell them what it was. Life was complicated, a series of choices and mistakes, compromises and conflicts.

In the film we did not see Davey die, just as we did not see Butch and Sundance die fifteen years later. The reason for this wasn't just that this was a film aimed at children and that his death might upset us. It was also pointing out the immediate translation of the man into myth. There's no need for a hope of heaven when a life itself can be celebrated forever on earth.

Pre-adolescence

I decided early that the name 'Walt Disney' on a film was a guarantee of entertainment and, being a completist, I probably carried on going to see anything with that hallmark long after I could use my age as an excuse. It's easy to be snobbish about Disney and forget that he produced Treasure Island, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea and The Great Locomotive Chase. I still remember Tonka and The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca, films which I have never had the opportunity to see again in 45 years. So they must have had something.

Girls didn't feature at this stage. Certainly not in real life and in films they merely delayed the action and generally got in the way. But there was the occasional crush. I shiver with shame now to confess that I had a crush on Hayley Mills and once crept furtively into a cinema to see Pollyanna. I didn't like films with children and I certainly didn't like girls but this one I watched. I even ordered the book and read it.

Actually Pollyanna is not a bad film. Disney again. Efficiently made - I guess it was Robert Stevenson - with an excellent cast, including Wyman, Menjou, Moorehead and Malden. But at the time the only attraction was the safely sexless Hayley.

Adolescence

It may have been the sixties, but I certainly wasn't swinging. In fact I'm not sure many people were, apart from the ones who always had, the aristocrats, the entertainers, the celebrities, etc. I spent the years collecting weekly pop charts and collating them into annual league tables, struggling at school and overcoming a stammer. I did that, by the way, by prefixing difficult dentals with a silent vowel - eg '(er)destination'. By the time I was sixteen I was chairman of the debating society, which proves that it worked.

I was missing out on the cinema. It was years later before I caught up with the British kitchen sink films, or later Hitchcock. I did see Lawrence and Zhivago, but I wasn't a fan, let alone a movie buff at this stage.

Girls, however, were a problem, not one helped by the constant enquiries of adults as to whether or not I was 'courting'. It was the usual angst of a shy teenager and I retreated into religion. If I ask myself now why someone who already considered himself an individualist outsider should sacrifice his reason to a set of unprovable doctrines, I can only reply that I was seduced by a need for certainty. I went through a left-wing socialist stage at the same time.

In both cases I was, however, an extremist. That meant I could still feel different and rebellious. My religion was evangelical, which meant I could condemn Catholics as superstitious, Anglicans as woolly, and the rest of the world as doomed sinners. Great fun!

When I deigned to think about women, my taste showed no signs of improving. The only physical fight I ever got into at school was over the relative merits of Cilla Black and Dionne Warwick. Yes, I was Cilla's champion. For Christ's sake!

Then one day, on TV, I saw Kathy Kirby. At that moment I grew up. Soon I was mourning the death of Marilyn Monroe and singing 'Boo, Boo, Bi-doo' with tears in my eyes. I was going to see Hammer films, especially if they starred Ingrid Pitt. I remember Karen Steele in Corman movies. I rediscovered Shirley Anne Field and Shirley Eaton and Honor Blackman as Pussy Galore (in my innocence I didn't get it).

The first girl I ever invited out -to the pictures of course - was nothing like those goddesses, but she was a couple of years older than I, and therefore reasonably well-developed. Zulu was the chosen film, one of my all-time favourites, so much so that I think I could turn the sound down and quote the dialogue from memory. The loneliness of command, the heroism of the soldiers, the war chant of the Zulus, the competitive singing in return of Men of Harlech, image piled upon image as body is piled upon body. Wonderful stuff. I'm glad the bitch stood me up, because it meant I could watch the film uninterrupted by adolescent fumbling

The Prestige

Yesterday I got our new TV working. More or less. For some reason my DVDs are all in black and white, but no doubt all will be well. It's a 28 inch wide-screen and, as luck would have it, got it's first real test later when TCM showed Lawrence of Arabia. Now that is a test, and it passed with flying colours. Lawrence is a truly wonderful film. The more often I see it the more I admire the dialogue, the wealth of great actors, the music, the photography and Lean's great vision and, most of all, his control of all the elements.

I once read a criticism of the film, namely that for all its scope and scale, there is little at its centre, that we know Lawrence no better at the end of the film than we do at the beginning.

Isn't that the point?

But my raptures over my new TV were soon put into perspective, because I went to the pictures later. I do this rarely and I always realise afresh that no TV, however big and expensive can compare with the wondrous experience of sitting in the dark trying to take in that huge screen, which can with equal ease show you a raging storm at sea or a single drop of water on a woman's cheek.

If only I could pause the film sometimes and go make a cup of tea.

I went to see The Prestige. Good cast, up-and-coming director, intriguing story, technically brilliant. But half an hour too long, and basically a daft story which could not bear the weight of its treatment. Hollywood would have made it with more dash and pace 50 years ago. Maybe Hitchcock. Cagney and Bogart doing the Bale and whatisname roles.

There are no 'revisionist' Westerns

Film critics are so often lazy, or pretentious, which is much the same thing. Reviewers and TV previewers are especially guilty. Working to deadlines, I suppose.

You know the sort of thing: an actor who doesn't do a lot of emoting, like Clint or Greg is called 'wooden' as a matter of course, but if he rolls his eyebrows a bit he's called 'hammy'. If he's in a British war film, then the phrase 'stiff uper lip' has to be dragged out of the locker.

If he or she plays the same sort of role most of the time, they are 'type-cast'. Try something different and they are 'miscast'. If they use a different accent, it's always 'dodgy', even if the critic has never heard the accent itself in his life.

Plots tend to be 'derivative' if you don't like them, an 'hommage' if you do. Themes are 'Manichean' or 'post-ironic' or 'innovative' or 'ground-breaking' or, if the hero has to make a decision, 'existentialist'.

But the one I hate most - at the moment - is 'revisionist', when applied to the Western. What is being revised? Some non-existent standard of Western that has to be updated or undermined or improved?

The western has always been 'revising' itself, re-working stock themes and characters from The Squawman onwards. (All right, I haven't seen it, but I've read all about it). But I have seen these:

Stagecoach (1939): whore doesn't pay for her sins but gets the hero.

The Ox-Bow Incident (1943): tragic ending, where the good guys don't get to save the weak.

The Three Godfathers (1948): the Western as religious parable!

Red River (1948): the hero as drunken, cruel, paranoid, vengeful bastard.

Fort Apache (1948): pre-dates The Man who Shot Liberty Valance in its cynicism about 'printing the legend'.

Broken Arrow (1950): the Western as bleeding heart liberal plea for mutual understanding.

The Gunfighter (1950): ageing gunman wants to hang up his guns and retire, but trapped by his past. Ten years later The Magnificent Seven felt the same way, as did Steve Judd, and a few years later Pike Bishop.

The Furies (1950): the Western as Greek tragedy.

High Noon (1952): Communist propaganda - they say. Actually it's about as non-revisionist as you're going to get, apart from Shane.

The Naked Spur (1953) and all the Stewart/Mann films: 'psychological' Westerns, where the hero is seen as fallible, wrong, neurotic. See Red River.

Johnny Guitar (1954): McCarthyism, sexual frustration, weirdness. Final gunfight between women.

The Searchers (1956): the earliest one I've heard called 'revisionist'. It begins a long line of Westerns given that title, from the spaghettis through The Wild Bunch to Unforgiven.

After those the only revisionism you get is more authentic clothing, more moustaches, more foul language, more whores, even nastier Indians, even nastier cavalrymen, more corporate businessmen from 'back East' or 'up North', more bicycles and machine guns.

So are there any models which have been revised? Well, there are all the old B-westerns, which don't count and which are all that Mel Brooks could find to lampoon in Blazing Saddles. Shane was self-consciously 'classic', as were Duel in the Sun, The Big Country and Lawman.

No. If you want true, pure re-tellings of the classic Western myth, watch The Tall T, Ride Lonesome and Comanche Station. They don't come much better than that.

Recommended books

WALSH, John Are you talking to me? Harper Collins, 2003

I've mentioned this before. Love it. Walsh talks about his formative years in terms of the impact made on him by films. After the early childhood viewings of Lawrence of Arabia, etc, when he would have been about 10, he moves through films like The Innocents, The Enigma of Caspar Hauser and on to Don't Look Now. The last seems to haunt him and he links it with his experiences as a father. The childhood accidents, the times he felt he'd let his children down, a residual guilt.

It's obvious Walsh is a film fan, despite being a critic. Rather like David Thomson, his knowledge does not prevent the child-like wonder and love that the true fan feels for the movies.

As I've said before,it's the book I should have written. Maybe I still could, because the half-dozen films I would choose would quite different. I'll make a start by listing them soon.

By the way, on a similar theme, Alan Bennett talks about the influence on him of 'the pictures'. (Alan, of course, wouldn't talk about 'cinema', let alone 'movies'.) In his book, Untold Stories.

* * * *

COYNE, Michael The Crowded Prairie: American National Identity in the Hollywood Western. Tauris, 1997.

I'm always cautious about books with titles like this. My hackles rise at the smell of anything 'sociological'. I remember being infuriated by Big Bad Wolves, a feminist take on Hollywood. Molly Haskell, I think. It's not that I disagreed with her, just that I didn't care. and why spend years watching films that obviously annoy you in order to write a book that will merely annoy others.

I remember Molly slagging off every male star - she seemed unable to distinguish between character and actor - for being fascist, chauvinist rapists. Every one, except Clark Gable. Apparently he respected women. Well, possibly. My theory is that the dear girl was just in love.

Anyway, back to Mr Coyne. I recommend it because the the theme of the book is just a framework for talking about Westerns, how they've changed, developed and reflect the environment in which they are made. But he doesn't push it and you get some pretty intelligent reviews of Stagecoach, The Wild Bunch, Outlaw Josey Wales,etc. He obviously likes Westerns and does not need a sociological reference to appreciate them.

I don't need to know that The Wild Bunch, Ulzana's Raid and Soldier Blue are 'about' or at least influenced by the Vietnam War to like them (or otherwise). If they were just that they would be as transitory as a newspaper editorial.

I get fed up with arguing on message boards about whether High Noon is 'left-wing'. I know that Foreman was a commie, that Zinnemann was a liberal. Maybe they did think, 'Aren't we clever, getting an anti-McCarthy message through via the most right-wing of genres.' Maybe, but the point is this: how does the film stand up 50 years later? Or with people who've never heard of McCarthy? The answer is - pretty well. And it's a standard right-wing Western: the triumph of law and order; the victory of the upright individual when normal society fails; the need to use violence; the failure of pacifism; the marginalisation of women, etc.

That's a good idea: Story to screen II.II

Why adapt? Well, I've already said what I think is the main reason - the need for ideas. But I'd like to muse awhile on some of the other reasons why books and plays, especially are transmuted in movies.

Hollywood likes to cash in on success. If anything, or anyone, is a hit, you can be sure that a movie will follow. As soon as The Da Vinci Code became the phenomenon it was, the only question was how soon the film would come out. With a book like that, you can dispense with the whole advertising budget.

Gone With the Wind, The Bridges of Madison County, Bridget Jones' Diary.

This process can sometimes get something onto the screen that wouldn't have had a hope had it not achieved success elsewhere. Alan Bennett's plays come to mind. I doubt very much if The Madness of King George or The History Boys would have impressed producers as original screenplays.

I mentioned a person being a 'hit', and thereby inspiring a film. Ali and Ray are recent examples of this. singers are particularly popular subjects, because you get the songs and that leads to another market. Al Jolson, Hank Williams, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis are among the dozens treated to a biopic.

Even songwriters and composers from Lizst to Cole Porter have received the honour.

I can't think of any actors off-hand who've had a film devoted to them. Hang on, Joan Crawford in Mommie Dearest. But lookalikes turn up from time to time. I remember 'James Cagney' in The Cotton Club. In Gods and Monsters the whole cast of The Bride of Frankenstein turn up. Interestingly, that is one of the few films directed to a film director, James Whale. It seems that you have to be a really bad director, like Ed Wood, to merit a film of your own.

But there was The Aviator. (I'm obviously making this up as I go along, and what's more I'm getting into a hell of a mess trying to use bullet points, which I shall now dispense with. And I don't care that I've ended a sentence with a preposition).

To continue. It's not always about money. Sam Goldwyn, for example, liked a bit of class, with a capital K. Just as he like to fill his mansions with works of art, probably bought according to their surface area, every now and again he would make a film that he thought would make those snobby intellectuals out there sit up and take notice. Wuthering Heights and Arrowsmith were from serious novels and demonstrated how difficult it is to make that transition while being 'faithful'.

Pygmalion and The Little Foxes were more successful, because a play is halfway to a film anyway. I remember, with respect to the latter film, that GBS tried to puncture Sam's pretensions when He said, 'The difference between us, Mr Goldwyn, is that you are only interested in art, while I am only interested in money.' Sarcastic old bastard, and if I've quoted him correctly, he put the 'onlys' in the wrong place.

Putting it on record. Maybe we are seeing a little more altruism. I'm sure there are producers and directors out there who genuinely want to record great performances, such as Edithe Evans in The Importance of Being Earnest, or make a great work of literature or drama more readily available to the wider public. Olivier and Branagh are great apostles of Shakespeare and take - or persuade others to take - financial risks to put him on celluloid. I've no doubt that there was a touch of arrogance as well, or a desire for some sort of immortality, when Olivier filmed Richard III.

Whether or not this leads to a decent film is another matter. Olivier's record is pretty varied. His Othello, for example, was unashamedly a filmed record of a stage play, not quite a view from the front seat of the stalls, but nearly so. Richard III is more cinematic, but still very studio-bound and processional until the final battle. On the other hand, Hamlet is almost like a film noir and seems to me the most cinematic. Some say too cinematic, with the camera roving around gloomy corridors, wasting time that could have been used to save some of the ruthlessly pruned text.

Henry V is the most experimental, cleverly opening out from a re-created Globe Theatre, to studio sets, to the open locations for Agincourt, and then reversing the process.

Orson Welles, who had two stabs at Shakespeare himself (Chimes at Midnight and Othello), was not impressed. He said that most Shakespeare films were like films of a cricket match. (Why did he say 'cricket match' and not 'boxing match'?). I think he was being a bit unfair on the efforts of Olivier, Branagh and Zefferelli, Mankiewicz and Polanski, but he does highlight the dangers. Frankly, when I think of Hamlet, Henry V, The Taming of the Shrew, Julius Caesar and MacBeth, he was being very unfair.

I feel the urge to mention Rio Bravo at this point. The legend is that Howard Hawks made this as a riposte to High Noon; that Zinnemann's film was leftist propaganda, that Gary cooper was duped by commie infiltrators and needed to be debunked. Now, you have to be pretty rich or self-important to make a film as a reply to another, especially when that other had been made about 8 years before and probably forgotten by the paying public. It was all publicity, wasn't it? It was, I accept, a different take on an old situation, but no more. And, it was a lousy film. It's odd - when John Carpenter made a 'Howard Hawks' film, Assault on Precinct 13, he did a better job than Hawks himself.

One last reason for adapting. Simple respect. You've got to be a top, respected director/producer to do this. And here I take my hat off to John Huston, who made Moby Dick and The Red Badge of Courage, both pretty good movies from classic novels. Huston was a man of many talents, a painter, a writer, a film-maker (not to mention boxer, lover, liar and all-round cad), a man I could listen to for hours. I've no doubt he loved those books and wished he had written them. But they were perfect vehicles for movies - if you were not too respectful to the originals. I think he did a pretty good job. I've often wondered: Did Huston make the films because he wasn't good enough to write the books; or, did he make the films because the authors didn't have the opportunity to do so themselves?

'It's very educational'

John Walsh's book has reminded me of another reason why some people add a a film to their list of favourites. It's heard primarily from those who are not particular fans of the movies.

'It will help you learn about. . .whatever.'

These are the films that parents and teachers approve and they fall into two categories, the literary substitute, and the history lesson.

I've written elsewhere about the films made for people who don't like movies but can't be bothered to read the book. Or, who have read the book and think the film will be safe to watch.

This is why there will always be a market for the Shakespeare film. People can view the plays, nicely reduced and edited into digestible chunks and with the action sequences emphasised. I have to admit that they do provide a handy overview before tackling the text itself.

It's always amused me that teachers would encourage us to go to Zefferelli's Romeo and Juliet and then be outraged that all we could talk about was the brief glimpse of Olivia Hussey's naked breasts. How anyone can object to Leonard Whiting's buttocks and at the same time listen po-faced to Shakespeare's great line, 'The bawdy hand of time is on the prick of noon', sagely noting that it is a perfect example of the standard iambic pentameter, escapes me.

In this category, you will find other filmed plays- The Importance of Being Earnest, The Browning Version, Othello, Richard III. Classic novels - Dickens, Austen, Melville. Some work as films, some are recordings of the play, some respectful renditions from one medium to another. Some work as pretty good movies, Moby Dick, for example. People tell me that Dr Zhivago is a bad film, but I think it's great. Perhaps I'd just like to write poetry inspired by Julie Christie. Come to think of it, bugger the poetry.

Then there's the history lesson. Lawrence of Arabia, for example, or Patton, or Alexander the Great. Except they are quite untrustworthy as history, for all their consultants and advisors. If you take Cromwell on trust you'll believe that Lords and Commons sat in the same house.

Right, a decision. Going by the usual 'best' lists, something like Gladiator might be chosen here, or maybe Titanic or Lawrence. Henry V would probably feature.

As for me, when it comes to history turned into film, I would avoid Cromwell, which scores poorly on both counts and choose Schindler's List or A Bridge Too Far. I'm rather fond of the latest version of The Alamo too.

And for literature, let's have Orson Welles' Chimes at Midnight and Moby Dick.

The 'Potemkin' moment

I've just started reading Are You Talking to Me by John Walsh. I've hardly read more than the introduction and already I know it's the book I should have written, the book I would have written, if I could. It's a serious book about the movies, written by a fan. I thoroughly recommend it.

And it leads me to another criterion for the inclusion of a film on a list, which I have called 'The Potemkin moment'.

By this I mean the moment when you see a film, any film, and comprehend for the first time the visceral power of the movie art form and its limitless possibilities. Suddenly you know that it can be more than an entertainment, something to be ashamed of liking. Maybe the film is not in itself outstanding, maybe it has many faults overall, but it has elements that you know can be harnessed to greatness.

'Potemkin' must have had this effect on many in the 20s and probably still does to new viewers. I would have chosen Abel Gance's Napoleon from that period, a silent film with epic sweep and technically daring. Birth of a Nation was a revelation to the world in its day, as was Citizen Kane 25 years later.

In conversation the following have been put forward as personal choices: 2001; The Shining; The Good, the Bad and the Ugly; Psycho; Seven Samurai. I suppose it's inevitable that people will choose big, brassy films. You have to be pretty sophisticated to choose a Japanese study in ageing as the film that made the first big impact upon you.

Walsh speaks of seeing, at the age of eight, Lawrence of Arabia, Mutiny on the Bounty, Casablanca and The Longest Day. Martin Scorsese, in his TV documentary series, remembers the garish colours of Duel in the Sun and The Ten Commandments.

As a boy myself I was impressed by Kane, The Third Man, The Magnificent Seven and The Guns of Navarone, respectively for performance and narrative structure, crazily-angled photography, character delineation and sheer exciting story-telling.

But, as anyone who knows me will have guessed, the film that turned my flirtatious toying with the cinema into true, deep, passionate love was The Wild Bunch.

It opens with movement. Even the music seems to start halfway through a bar. The frame freezes on Bill Holden's grim face as he says, 'If the move, kill 'em' and the credit appears, 'Directed by Sam Peckinpah', to the sound of a long, low chord.

The chord underscores the amateurish marching band playing 'Shall we gather' tightening the tension before an orgy of violence breaks out, the like of which I had never seen before, and which I did not realise would be outdone two hours later.

I was struck by the death fall of one man, in slow motion and intercut with other bursts of action, as two children watch fascinated.

I liked the radical concept of villains as heroes, of the original sin in children, the existential aceptance of a meaningless world. It is brutally honest and honestly brutal.

Every line is quotable and has entered my everyday speech. The music is perfect. The acting the best the cast ever turned in. Peckinpah himself was never as good again.

The Searchers is the one Western which appears on 'respectable' lists. It is indeed a great film, and with Once upon a Time in the West, one of the three which 99% of Western fans would take to their desert island. The third is The Wild Bunch. Perhaps it is still too strong and too illiberal for our bleeding-heart critics.

Recency

'Recency' is the curse of movie lists.

Just look at Channel 4's list of the 100 'greatest' films which was compiled about 5 years ago from the votes of viewers and somehow incorporated those of 'experts'. (I wasn't invited).

I don't propose to dissect the whole list, but a cursory glance shows the power of recency. At number 3 is The Shawshank Redemption. Now, I like it. Shawshank is moving and entertaining, but somewhat derivative. I could do a whole blog on prison films - and I probably will some day - and which no doubt would list the half dozen required elements:

1. An innocent man in gaol (or at least punished disproportionately)
2. A corrupt/weak liberal governor and brutal guards
3. A really evil prisoner - there aren't that many of them - whom the hero subdues
4. The crushing of a man without the hero's resilience
5. A moment of soaring humanity, which shows that even the lowest amongst are 'God's children'
6. Escape, or preferably death in the attempt.

So I ask. Is it a better film than no 5, Some Like it Hot?

And Gladiator, at no 6. Better than It's a Wonderful Life at no 7? The Matrix at 15, with Casablanca at 16? And Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at 18, with Citizen Kane, for God's sake, at 19!

As I've already said, I do not wish to denigrate these fine films. But will they feature in a similar list 10 years from now? I doubt it, but I've no doubt that Kane, Casablanca and the like will still be there.

I always take a long time to decide I like a film above others, and so I would choose Schindler's List as my 'recent' choice, but it is getting on a bit now.

So what's it to be? The Constant Gardener, Brokeback Mountain (please!), Crash?

Oh to hell with it. Wallace and Gromit and the Curse of the Were-rabbit.

And this is my friend, Mr Hardy

This is substantially a comment I posted on the Internet Movie Database. I thought it deserved a narrower audience.


Earlier this year, 2006, the BBC televised the play Stan, formerly a radio play, by Neil Brand.

It has all the virtues of a small budget. It is concise, focused and unambitious. The actors, relatively unknown, inhabit their roles, not attempting impersonations like Little and Large, just occasionally reminding you of little quirks of speech or mannerism, conveying perfectly the essence of 'the boys'.

It is called Stan and it is Stan who has the lines and carries the story, but I prefer to concentrate on the portrait of Babe Hardy. We all know that Stan considered himself, and was paid as, the brains of the outfit. Babe, easy-going and unambitious, never disagreed. He knew there was more to life than work. But he was a lot more than the fat fool falling on his arse to earn enough to fund his golf habit.

The play goes some way to correct the received wisdom.

Stan pays tribute to Babe's comic skills: his timing, his inventiveness, his patient and courageous milking of laughs.

We see Babe persuading Stan, determined to rival Chaplin and disgruntled at being teamed with anyone, that they have have the makings of an effective partnership. Babe is not just a natural comic (something it is possible to argue that Stan was less so), but one with comic intelligence.

It is Babe, for example, who recognises the importance of humour even in hard times - especially in hard times - when Stan is going through one of his periodic bouts of discouragement and doubt. I hope it's true that it was Babe who had the idea for Their First Mistake, where they adopt a baby, an idea neatly used to make a little joke out Ollie's incapacity at the last.

Just a word or two about their comic abilities. There is no doubt that they would have got nowhere without each other, but I believe Babe was an instinctively funny man, while Stan would grind out a funny routine, which he would then implement. Rather like Steve Martin or Robin Williams today. Babe is more like reminiscent of the late Tommy Cooper.

Towards the end it is Babe who recognises that they are past it, that their work has become poor. He was right, of course, and I for one refuse to watch the last films. While the ever dissatisfied Stan can't bear to leave off, Babe has the wisdom to walk away, knowing that their best work is preserved for ever. I can vouch for that, having never known them until they were retired or dead.

The play's end is all the more moving for the touch of humour injected into it. Stan, portrayed sympathetically despite what other viewers have thought, for all his frustrated, over-achieving self-obsession, has to admit to himself the depth of his friendship and the debt he owes to his partner.

Primacy

A while ago I talked about lists, something to which film fans are particularly prone. The reasons for a film being included on anyone's list are obviously many and varied. My own list of 'greatest' would be different from 'favourite', for example.

The first criterion I plan to look at I call 'primacy'. In other words, the first film that made an impression on us. I do not mean the sort of film that I will consider later under the headings 'nostalgia' or 'Potemkin moment', but what are often childhood favourites.

My own introduction to the cinema was in the mid-fifties. These were the days of support features, Pathe News, Look at Life and Pearl and Dean advertisements. My mother would take me and my sister to the pictures, taking advantage of continuous performances. It was quite normal to take our seats halfway through the main feature, and then spend half an hour wondering what the hell was going on. And two three hours later she would announce, 'This is where we came in' and off we'd go, despite my protests. My mother didn't believe in watching films twice.

It's strange the things you remember from those early days. There was, for example the bust of Edgar Wallace at the beginning of Man of Mystery, which revolved through 360 degrees while The Shadows played the theme tune. The tune ended just as the bust finished turning and faced us again. Every time I watched it I would wonder if, this time, the process would not would not be synchronised properly.

Then there was the lugubrious Edgar Lustgarten recounting famous murders of the past. Pathe News was relentlessly cheerful, Look at Life relentlessly boring; there was a preponderance of monochrome, which I didn't appreciate in those days, and a growing realisation that British films were hopelessly cosy, while Hollywood knew how to deliver real excitement.

Hence my disappointment when, taken to see Reach for the Sky, I found myself viewing a black and white British war film, with a rather unattractive hero and lots of British domesticity, rather than the colourful American Western the title had led me to expect. I was only a child.

One such Western is a strong candidate for a place on my list, because it impressed me at the time and is even now regarded as an excellent film. I refer to The Man from Laramie.

It was the last James Stewart/Anthony Mann collaboration and I am little surprised that it's censorship category allowed me to see it because for the time it was startlingly violent. When I saw it again, many years later, I was surprised at details I remembered. Stewart's fight with Arthur Kennedy; Stewart being dragged through a camp fire and shot in the hand; Kennedy's sympathetic villain; the salt flats; and bullets ricocheting off rocks. While I was always a fan of Westerns, the only other one I remembered in such detail was Boetticher's Ride Lonesome. These films obviously had something more for a small boy who was only interested in gunfights and fistfights.

In this frame of mind others might choose a James Bond film. Or maybe The Magnificent Seven, The Guns of Navarone, The Great Escape. Alternatively, Brief Encounter or Four Weddings and a Funeral.

I remember going to see The Battle of the River Plate, another disappointment at the time. I told my primary school teacher about my planned trip, and she advised me that the supporting film was much better. When I saw it I couldn't have disagreed more. It was a short French film about a small boy. Now, the presence of children and women always detracted from a film for me in those days, and my prejudice kicked in within a minute of its opening.

I've changed my mind. This film is about loneliness and the cruel bullying of child on child. It is about hope and dreams, about escape from poverty, monotony and narrow-mindedness. It has much in common with Kes and is called The Red Balloon. An excellent little movie and is my choice in this category, if I allow myself hindsight.

The Wild Geese

The Wild Geese is rubbish.

A simple adventure story starts with a montage of scenes of suffering Africa, complete with song by Joan Armatrading, before we cut to Richard Burton playing a drunk, perhaps the only role he was capable of by this stage. He, of course, is an expert and commands the undying loyalty of all who have ever worked with him.

Richard Harris is an expert too, a 'planner'. He also has an embarrassingly obnoxious son, whom he loves dearly - so we know what will happen to him, don't we? He's also a 'liberal', who is persuaded to join the mission only because it is to save the only good African leader on the continent. His liberalism does not prevent him, however, planning the death of over 200 men by cyanide gas. There's even a token black mercenary who is reassured by Harris' presence that he is not being asked to do anything unworthy.

Hardy Kruger is there as the Afrikaaner who has to move rapidly from dislike of 'kaffirs' to such respect for this deposed President that he is willing to die for him. His changing form of address from 'kaffir' to 'man' to 'bloke' is as nauseating as Harris' son's whooping of 'Yahoo' when told he's going on a skiing holiday. Of course, he doesn't go. Cue for tears. Oh, Kruger is an expert in something. Explosives? I forget. He's handy with a crossbow, though.

The rest of the commandos must be the most middle-aged bunch ever recruited. Jack Watson is there, the devoted Sergeant-Major, giving us the routine tough training programme, Ronald Fraser and Percy Herbert left over from World War II, another hammy performance from Kenneth Griffith. And there are various superannuated British actors playing duplicitous, shadowy characters form business and government. The mercenaries, you see, are just naive pawns in some murky political game.

I forgot Roger Moore. He's there too, forcing men to eat heroin and charming women. 'He's such a dear' is another stomach-churning moment.

The operation goes well to start with - these men are experts after all - but then goes wrong, because they are betrayed. Opportunity for initiative and courage and self-sacrifice.

Director Andrew V MacLaglen once showed promise in a sub-Fordian way. Screenwriter Reginald Rose wrote Twelve Angry Men and Man of the West, and I can only ask, 'What happened?' I suppose he needed the money.

It's a dishonest, exploitative, derivative film, which wastes a good cast and leaves a very nasty taste in the mouth.

So why do I watch it so often? Why do I love every minute of the bloody thing?

That's a good idea: Story to screen II.I

When the great studios ruled the earth, their appetite for stories was immense. Hack writers were practically chained to desks, grinding out ideas and treatments. A typical studio needed to churn out 100 movies a year. Stars demanded vehicles; quotas of genre pictures were required; all the time a weather eye had to be kept on the prevailing climate of the market.

Hollywood may no longer be the sausage factory it once was, but the industry is still greedy for fodder. There may be more reliance on a few blockbusters to bring in the profits, but there is a huge market for straight-to-DVD movies, drive-in exploitation-flicks and the TV movie has replaced the B-movie and at times rivals the theatrical product. And I'm not even going to think about Bollywood, which churns out 900 films a year.

I suppose the bulk of movies are based on the efforts of story-writers or come from novels, short stories and plays. But it's interesting to look at some of the other sources.

First, a word on books and plays. Many of them are aimed at the cinema when they are written. Much popular fiction is influenced by film, thrillers especially. Look at the Constant Gardener:

• Plot - thriller with a conscience, very much the vogue.
• Exotic locations
• Hero and heroine crying out for star actors
• Good cast of well-defined character parts
• Add to these that Le Carre knows that any novel of his is almost certain to be taken up by TV or cinema.

The same could be said of Elmore Leonard today and Chandler and Cain in former times. I hear that Forrest Carter sent the galley proofs of his Gone to Texas to Clint Eastwood, who bought it immediately and turned it into The Outlaw Josey Wales.

There was a time when comic books were thought fit only for transposition to TV, but it was probably Superman that demonstrated their cinematic potential. Since then we've had Batman, Spiderman and others that I can't bring to mind, nor do I wish to.

TV itself seems to have been taken up with enthusiasm of late, especially since The Fugitive with Harrison Ford. The Dukes of Hazzard, Miami Vice are a couple of examples. I suppose the idea is to cash in on the nostalgia of the older generation and try to capture the younger with modern thrills and spills.

Historical events - or a version of them - has always provided useful source material for the movies, one of the earliest being Birth of a Nation. More recently we have had The Alamo. I single this film out, partly because of the excellent portrayal of Davy Crockett by Billy Bob Thornton, but mainly because of its attempt to be more faithful to historical fact. This is a recent trend. The 1946 John Ford film, My Darling Clementine, purports to be an account of the gunfight at the OK corral, and while, in my opinion, by far the best movie on the subject in cinematic terms, is a complete joke as far as historical facts go. Ford claimed to have got the 'facts' from Wyatt Earp himself, which hardly boosts confidence anyway. Compare it with Tombstone and Wyatt Earp, still dubious, but at least they got the brothers in the right order of age and death.

The biography is an offshoot of the above and has always been popular. Like the historical film it appeals to those who wish to 'learn' as well as be entertained. These are the same people who claim to watch television for the news and documentaries. Biopics seem to come in waves. In fact movies always seem to come in waves of some sort as producers follow apparent trends in the market. Warner Brothers did Ehrlich, Pasteur, Zola and Juarez (the last three vehicles for the histrionic talents of Paul Muni). And very recently we've had Ed Murrow and Truman Capote.

A lot of people justify a trip to the pictures by telling themselves the film is 'educational'. Let them try Cromwell, Richard Harris' impersonation of the great man. I suppose it got the gist of the story, but when you see the Lords and Commons sitting in the same chamber you do wonder where they got their information from.

If history's not your thing, there's always myth - Robin Hood, King Arthur, the Greek myths, which Ray Harryhausen had such fun with. Most recent, I suppose, Troy. I don't care what the critics said, I thought it was pretty good. Brad Pitt can't help being pretty, he's bloody good. Now Tom Cruise has imploded, I predict Brad will be the next Clint. Mark my words.

So what other sources have we got. Johnny English was based on an advert (does the same apply to Transfformers?); Road to Perdition came from a graphic novel, which seems to be the way to get your story on screen these days - see also Sin City and History of Violence; The Charge of the Light Brigade was inspired by a poem, Convoy by a song; and famously It's a Wonderful Life derives from a Christmas card. Die Hard 4.0 derives from a newspapaer article.

Oh, and let's not forget the franchises, not a word I recall being used 20 years ago, it was just sequels then - Bond, Die Hard, Jaws, etc. The remakes - The Lady Killers, Alfie . . .The trends - the spate of gangster films after The Godfather; serial killer films after Silence of the Lambs; ghost stories after Truly, Madly, Deeply. It's nothing new. There were many films about ghosts, angels, etc during world War II.

Roger Corman made a fortune and many, many careers in the exploitation business.

In Sunset Boulevard Bill Holden's writer complains about the way one of his stories was treated. 'The last one I did was about Okies in the dust bowl. You'd never know because when it reached the screen it took place on a PT boat.' I plan to talk about the evolution of an idea from story to finished movie another time, but some of the greatest are based on original stories, including Sunset Boulevard itself.